1 00:00:09,039 --> 00:00:07,210 hello everybody and welcome to this 2 00:00:10,600 --> 00:00:09,049 week's Hubble hang out my name is Tony 3 00:00:12,009 --> 00:00:10,610 Darnell I work at the Space Telescope 4 00:00:14,079 --> 00:00:12,019 Science Institute and we've done it 5 00:00:15,699 --> 00:00:14,089 again we've got another great Hubble 6 00:00:17,380 --> 00:00:15,709 hangout plan for you this week 7 00:00:19,630 --> 00:00:17,390 astronomers using the Hubble Space 8 00:00:22,630 --> 00:00:19,640 Telescope have generated the most 9 00:00:25,180 --> 00:00:22,640 accurate statistical description yet of 10 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:25,190 faint early galaxies as they existed in 11 00:00:29,350 --> 00:00:28,010 the universe 500 million years after the 12 00:00:31,720 --> 00:00:29,360 Big Bang we're going to talk about these 13 00:00:33,130 --> 00:00:31,730 findings in just a little bit with the 14 00:00:36,700 --> 00:00:33,140 sum of the astronomers that have made 15 00:00:39,310 --> 00:00:36,710 these these analyses public to us but 16 00:00:41,140 --> 00:00:39,320 before I get started I got something I 17 00:00:44,590 --> 00:00:41,150 want to say real quick I just found this 18 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:44,600 out yesterday now sometimes before a hub 19 00:00:47,830 --> 00:00:46,010 will hang out what I'll do is I'll go on 20 00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:47,840 periscope and i'll do a hubble Q&A and 21 00:00:50,020 --> 00:00:48,770 i'll talk with you guys a little bit 22 00:00:51,639 --> 00:00:50,030 maybe to get some people jazzed up about 23 00:00:53,860 --> 00:00:51,649 the hangout but it always is that 24 00:00:55,150 --> 00:00:53,870 turning into a sort of a JWST Q&A more 25 00:00:56,800 --> 00:00:55,160 than that because everybody's interested 26 00:00:58,450 --> 00:00:56,810 about the new mission and how it's 27 00:01:00,729 --> 00:00:58,460 coming up how it's coming along and 28 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:00,739 everybody always at some point we'll ask 29 00:01:04,779 --> 00:01:02,450 me the same question aren't we worried 30 00:01:06,459 --> 00:01:04,789 about launching jwst out at the l2 point 31 00:01:07,599 --> 00:01:06,469 and what if something get what if it 32 00:01:09,669 --> 00:01:07,609 gets hit by something or what if 33 00:01:11,169 --> 00:01:09,679 something goes wrong with it and it 34 00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:11,179 occurred to me yesterday that you know 35 00:01:15,069 --> 00:01:13,340 this is actually a solved problem we 36 00:01:16,690 --> 00:01:15,079 solved this problem because there's a 37 00:01:18,999 --> 00:01:16,700 when I first started my career in 38 00:01:21,459 --> 00:01:19,009 astronomy I started in the solar physics 39 00:01:23,379 --> 00:01:21,469 area and there's a there is a spacecraft 40 00:01:26,919 --> 00:01:23,389 that we launched back in let's see 41 00:01:28,209 --> 00:01:26,929 December second 1995 and it was built by 42 00:01:30,429 --> 00:01:28,219 the Europeans and operated by the 43 00:01:32,469 --> 00:01:30,439 European Space Agency but NASA had like 44 00:01:34,539 --> 00:01:32,479 12 or 13 instruments on it as well and 45 00:01:36,879 --> 00:01:34,549 they put it out the l1 point which is 46 00:01:39,370 --> 00:01:36,889 this point in between Earth and the Sun 47 00:01:40,690 --> 00:01:39,380 we're going to put JWT at l2 which is a 48 00:01:42,340 --> 00:01:40,700 million miles away and it's behind the 49 00:01:44,949 --> 00:01:42,350 earth so it's you know it's at a pretty 50 00:01:46,989 --> 00:01:44,959 far away no repair missions were planned 51 00:01:50,830 --> 00:01:46,999 it was it's been up there for nine years 52 00:01:52,719 --> 00:01:50,840 nine months and 29 days and but more 53 00:01:53,980 --> 00:01:52,729 than that it's been sitting like I said 54 00:01:56,679 --> 00:01:53,990 at the l1 point where it's in between 55 00:01:58,779 --> 00:01:56,689 the Sun and the earth where it is 56 00:02:02,109 --> 00:01:58,789 getting bombarded by coronal mass 57 00:02:03,339 --> 00:02:02,119 ejections on a regular basis while it 58 00:02:04,569 --> 00:02:03,349 measures and looks at the Sun it has a 59 00:02:07,599 --> 00:02:04,579 lot of instruments that looks at this 60 00:02:09,279 --> 00:02:07,609 the chromospheric iron 9 12 and 13 61 00:02:12,850 --> 00:02:09,289 something like that it also has three 62 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:12,860 chronographs on board lasko c1 c2 and c3 63 00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:13,850 now that 64 00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:16,070 you see one very much but c2 and c3 I 65 00:02:20,890 --> 00:02:17,780 was I was poking around on the web page 66 00:02:24,910 --> 00:02:20,900 today just discovered discovered not 67 00:02:27,460 --> 00:02:24,920 observed but discovered it's 3,000 comet 68 00:02:29,350 --> 00:02:27,470 so it has been up there for a long time 69 00:02:32,020 --> 00:02:29,360 so we've got we this there's a precedent 70 00:02:34,030 --> 00:02:32,030 for this no repair missions now Hubble's 71 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:34,040 great we spend every week talking about 72 00:02:38,230 --> 00:02:35,690 how great Hubble is we're celebrating 25 73 00:02:39,790 --> 00:02:38,240 years of Hubble being in orbit this year 74 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:39,800 which is an amazing feat as the longest 75 00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:41,210 space telescope to ever have done that 76 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:44,060 but Soho the solar Heliospheric 77 00:02:50,710 --> 00:02:46,010 Observatory has been up there will be 78 00:02:53,260 --> 00:02:50,720 Ted it will be there 10 years or no yeah 79 00:02:55,300 --> 00:02:53,270 20 years actually because this is 2015 80 00:02:58,450 --> 00:02:55,310 I'm sorry I have that wrong 19 years to 81 00:03:00,130 --> 00:02:58,460 spin up now so 20 years this december 82 00:03:01,660 --> 00:03:00,140 five years after the launch of Hubble 83 00:03:03,910 --> 00:03:01,670 Space Telescope they launched so huh so 84 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:03,920 the next time you get all bent out of 85 00:03:07,630 --> 00:03:06,050 shape about ELQ JWST being a tell to 86 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:07,640 think about that for a second because I 87 00:03:10,810 --> 00:03:09,170 think this is more of a solved 88 00:03:13,210 --> 00:03:10,820 engineering problem than anything else 89 00:03:15,790 --> 00:03:13,220 so I just had to get that out cuz you 90 00:03:17,460 --> 00:03:15,800 know i don't i don't know about I don't 91 00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:17,470 know about don't get bent out of shape 92 00:03:24,250 --> 00:03:23,060 little Tommy s'okay ok got it all right 93 00:03:26,470 --> 00:03:24,260 so let's get start with the tweet hang 94 00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:26,480 out I was related to a previous 95 00:03:30,070 --> 00:03:27,680 conversation we had so I wanted to get 96 00:03:32,380 --> 00:03:30,080 that out with me as she is every week 97 00:03:34,330 --> 00:03:32,390 always making fun of me and my colleague 98 00:03:36,730 --> 00:03:34,340 and friend dr. carol christian she is 99 00:03:39,010 --> 00:03:36,740 the oh let's go power each project 100 00:03:40,540 --> 00:03:39,020 scientist hi Carol welcome back glad to 101 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:40,550 see you're in good form again thank you 102 00:03:46,450 --> 00:03:44,090 so much oh you're so welcome also also 103 00:03:48,700 --> 00:03:46,460 joining us as he does each week is the 104 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:48,710 the md eminent scott lewis internet 105 00:03:52,780 --> 00:03:50,330 driver extraordinaire hi scott welcome 106 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:52,790 back thank you Tony and and honestly get 107 00:03:57,880 --> 00:03:55,010 to defend Carole which I don't often do 108 00:04:00,850 --> 00:03:57,890 um it's far too easy to make fun of you 109 00:04:04,780 --> 00:04:00,860 ah this / so sure she gotta work just 110 00:04:08,020 --> 00:04:04,790 like it's low-hanging it's a mentally 111 00:04:12,180 --> 00:04:08,030 target okay that's all right payback is 112 00:04:14,860 --> 00:04:12,190 a you know what so okay all right guys I 113 00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:14,870 I see how it's gonna be but the thing 114 00:04:19,780 --> 00:04:17,060 you should work on your dog by the time 115 00:04:21,099 --> 00:04:19,790 it happens yes he's Denver you're going 116 00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:21,109 to be hearing all about you're gonna be 117 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:23,180 hearing all about soho 20 years now if i 118 00:04:27,450 --> 00:04:24,770 were there EPO I'd be getting ready for 119 00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:27,460 a big party but anyway okay so 120 00:04:31,830 --> 00:04:29,860 as I mentioned we back back to Hubble 121 00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:31,840 and using the Hubble data astronomers at 122 00:04:37,140 --> 00:04:34,660 UC Irvine and other places have been 123 00:04:39,029 --> 00:04:37,150 using Hubble data to like I said look at 124 00:04:40,950 --> 00:04:39,039 the earliest galaxies in the universe 125 00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:40,960 which is way better than the Sun in my 126 00:04:47,129 --> 00:04:43,090 opinion also way better than anything of 127 00:04:48,719 --> 00:04:47,139 my my the subject I covet the most early 128 00:04:50,460 --> 00:04:48,729 galaxies in the universe and with me to 129 00:04:52,350 --> 00:04:50,470 talk about this is dr. Stevens 130 00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:52,360 Finkelstein Einstein he's driest Rana 131 00:04:56,309 --> 00:04:53,800 Murr at the University of Texas at 132 00:04:58,140 --> 00:04:56,319 Austin hi Steve welcome back this is 133 00:05:00,420 --> 00:04:58,150 like you you're gonna be a regular here 134 00:05:02,219 --> 00:05:00,430 on our hangouts yeah hey D'Antoni you're 135 00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:02,229 really good thank you & cat also joining 136 00:05:08,370 --> 00:05:04,710 me is a catcher in Mitchell when he is a 137 00:05:10,020 --> 00:05:08,380 PhD student at the UC Irvine he was part 138 00:05:12,749 --> 00:05:10,030 of the study that we're going that came 139 00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:12,759 out in I guess it was earlier this month 140 00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:14,770 right Katherine that's right yeah well 141 00:05:19,170 --> 00:05:17,500 last was a journal nature what was it 142 00:05:21,450 --> 00:05:19,180 called nature supplement or something 143 00:05:23,820 --> 00:05:21,460 like that nature communications that's 144 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:23,830 what it was okay so let's take a before 145 00:05:29,129 --> 00:05:25,810 we get to your actual observations and 146 00:05:31,050 --> 00:05:29,139 the results from them let's take a step 147 00:05:32,550 --> 00:05:31,060 back and talk about something that the 148 00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:32,560 Hubble has been doing for quite a while 149 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:35,710 which is these surveys these are sort of 150 00:05:41,460 --> 00:05:39,250 designed program observation programs 151 00:05:44,070 --> 00:05:41,470 that that Hubble does periodic leaders 152 00:05:45,899 --> 00:05:44,080 that they've been doing these with right 153 00:05:47,399 --> 00:05:45,909 now with the main one going on is called 154 00:05:49,170 --> 00:05:47,409 frontier fields just looking at six 155 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:49,180 different areas of the sky but before 156 00:05:52,950 --> 00:05:50,770 that there was another one called clash 157 00:05:56,580 --> 00:05:52,960 and before that was one called candles 158 00:05:59,760 --> 00:05:56,590 which is the cosmic assembly 159 00:06:02,399 --> 00:05:59,770 near-infrared deep extra galactic legacy 160 00:06:03,959 --> 00:06:02,409 survey somehow that just things that 161 00:06:05,670 --> 00:06:03,969 they were trying to make that work but 162 00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:05,680 anyway that's at candles that's how 163 00:06:09,379 --> 00:06:07,360 that's what candles is it you guys use 164 00:06:13,860 --> 00:06:09,389 candles data for the survey right Katrin 165 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:13,870 yeah that's right okay so this wasn't as 166 00:06:18,659 --> 00:06:16,930 data set that was designed for what it 167 00:06:21,029 --> 00:06:18,669 wasn't for you specifically to do this 168 00:06:23,700 --> 00:06:21,039 work but you found that it was work it 169 00:06:26,390 --> 00:06:23,710 was observations that sort of enabled 170 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:26,400 your work correct yeah we had to do this 171 00:06:33,360 --> 00:06:29,770 complex mosaicing technique called 172 00:06:35,610 --> 00:06:33,370 self-calibration and yeah the kid the 173 00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:35,620 candles data was collected in such a way 174 00:06:41,279 --> 00:06:40,270 to maximize I think the area but for us 175 00:06:44,189 --> 00:06:41,289 that's not necessarily 176 00:06:45,839 --> 00:06:44,199 we want but when we supplemented the 177 00:06:48,119 --> 00:06:45,849 candles data with archived data we had 178 00:06:49,799 --> 00:06:48,129 plenty to work with oh really so you use 179 00:06:51,329 --> 00:06:49,809 also data from the archive as well okay 180 00:06:52,679 --> 00:06:51,339 Steve language what keep wondering why 181 00:06:56,219 --> 00:06:52,689 don't you describe candles force first 182 00:06:57,359 --> 00:06:56,229 can we start there yeah sure so so 183 00:06:59,100 --> 00:06:57,369 candles you already spell out the 184 00:07:01,260 --> 00:06:59,110 acronym it's a long reckoning but it's 185 00:07:05,459 --> 00:07:01,270 one of the largest if not the largest 186 00:07:07,079 --> 00:07:05,469 tupple program ever so back in the last 187 00:07:09,420 --> 00:07:07,089 decade there was a big program called 188 00:07:11,249 --> 00:07:09,430 goods which took optical imaging so 189 00:07:12,839 --> 00:07:11,259 visible light that our eyes can see it 190 00:07:14,549 --> 00:07:12,849 took those kind of images of a few 191 00:07:16,709 --> 00:07:14,559 regions of the sky and learned a lot of 192 00:07:18,809 --> 00:07:16,719 stuff about galaxies at at sort of 193 00:07:21,029 --> 00:07:18,819 moderate red shifts from time say two to 194 00:07:23,549 --> 00:07:21,039 two to 10 billion years after the Big 195 00:07:25,109 --> 00:07:23,559 Bang but if we want to go back closer to 196 00:07:27,179 --> 00:07:25,119 the big thing we need to look in the 197 00:07:29,070 --> 00:07:27,189 near-infrared because the expansion of 198 00:07:30,749 --> 00:07:29,080 the universe has red shifted all of the 199 00:07:32,820 --> 00:07:30,759 ultraviolet and the visible light of 200 00:07:34,859 --> 00:07:32,830 those very distant galaxies completely 201 00:07:37,619 --> 00:07:34,869 out of the optical into the infrared and 202 00:07:39,659 --> 00:07:37,629 so when Hubble installed or when Hubble 203 00:07:42,269 --> 00:07:39,669 when the astronauts installed why field 204 00:07:45,209 --> 00:07:42,279 camera 3 infrared camera on Hubble in 205 00:07:47,219 --> 00:07:45,219 2009 one of the most obvious things to 206 00:07:50,070 --> 00:07:47,229 do was to go and try and do a similar 207 00:07:51,899 --> 00:07:50,080 survey in the near infrared it does take 208 00:07:53,659 --> 00:07:51,909 a long time so there was a special call 209 00:07:57,239 --> 00:07:53,669 for very long proposals called 210 00:07:58,499 --> 00:07:57,249 multi-cycle Treasury programs and one of 211 00:08:00,059 --> 00:07:58,509 the ones that was selected was candles 212 00:08:01,679 --> 00:08:00,069 you also mentioned clash which looked at 213 00:08:03,689 --> 00:08:01,689 London clusters and also fat which 214 00:08:05,699 --> 00:08:03,699 looked at the Andromeda galaxy right we 215 00:08:07,829 --> 00:08:05,709 just had a recent hangout on well we've 216 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:07,839 had hangouts on all of these but yeah so 217 00:08:12,509 --> 00:08:09,490 they're called multi-cycle Treasury 218 00:08:14,249 --> 00:08:12,519 programs that's right yeah and so 219 00:08:17,699 --> 00:08:14,259 candles the program candles looked at 220 00:08:19,619 --> 00:08:17,709 five different regions in the sky all 221 00:08:22,469 --> 00:08:19,629 together they're pretty small they are 222 00:08:23,429 --> 00:08:22,479 about one-fifth of a square degree so 223 00:08:24,989 --> 00:08:23,439 it's actually if you added them all 224 00:08:27,179 --> 00:08:24,999 together it's smaller than the area of 225 00:08:29,429 --> 00:08:27,189 the moon but for extra galactic surveys 226 00:08:31,409 --> 00:08:29,439 that's actually pretty huge and so the 227 00:08:33,269 --> 00:08:31,419 survey is now done the science is not 228 00:08:34,620 --> 00:08:33,279 done we're still actively working on 229 00:08:36,689 --> 00:08:34,630 papers like this great paper that 230 00:08:38,249 --> 00:08:36,699 Quechuan wrote but yeah we've been 231 00:08:41,009 --> 00:08:38,259 learning a lot of great stuff about the 232 00:08:43,170 --> 00:08:41,019 universe oh great ok I am remiss folks 233 00:08:45,059 --> 00:08:43,180 as Steve was talking I reminder I 234 00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:45,069 occurred to me that I have not told you 235 00:08:48,030 --> 00:08:46,930 that we want you to interact with us in 236 00:08:49,980 --> 00:08:48,040 this hangout we want you to ask 237 00:08:51,509 --> 00:08:49,990 questions and leave comments and you 238 00:08:53,220 --> 00:08:51,519 could do that in a variety of ways Scott 239 00:08:54,750 --> 00:08:53,230 if you're still around and I didn't lose 240 00:08:56,730 --> 00:08:54,760 you from laughing 241 00:08:58,650 --> 00:08:56,740 I mean could you could you could you 242 00:09:00,260 --> 00:08:58,660 please explain to these two are kind of 243 00:09:02,820 --> 00:09:00,270 viewers how they may interact with us 244 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:02,830 absolutely so the best and easiest way 245 00:09:06,870 --> 00:09:04,810 for you to interact with us is while 246 00:09:09,270 --> 00:09:06,880 your life here on the bottom left screen 247 00:09:10,530 --> 00:09:09,280 on this stream is some yellow text it 248 00:09:13,020 --> 00:09:10,540 says that we are answering your 249 00:09:15,210 --> 00:09:13,030 questions live which we are so we have a 250 00:09:16,650 --> 00:09:15,220 Q&A app and we're able to see any 251 00:09:18,480 --> 00:09:16,660 questions or comments you leave there 252 00:09:20,610 --> 00:09:18,490 you can upload ones that other people 253 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:20,620 have left and so if we see anything 254 00:09:23,460 --> 00:09:21,970 really interesting that we want to 255 00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:23,470 address we can click it it will 256 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:25,390 timestamp it when we're answering that 257 00:09:28,950 --> 00:09:27,370 question so for those who are not 258 00:09:32,010 --> 00:09:28,960 watching live you can see when those are 259 00:09:34,860 --> 00:09:32,020 being answered we can also interact with 260 00:09:37,950 --> 00:09:34,870 us on Twitter so I'm live tweeting this 261 00:09:40,620 --> 00:09:37,960 from at Hubble telescope using the 262 00:09:42,300 --> 00:09:40,630 hashtag hubble hang out so please send 263 00:09:45,180 --> 00:09:42,310 us your questions and comments on 264 00:09:46,890 --> 00:09:45,190 Twitter using that and I will be if it's 265 00:09:49,020 --> 00:09:46,900 something really awesome i'll retweet it 266 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:49,030 or will be responding to them on air and 267 00:09:52,260 --> 00:09:51,010 make sure to follow us because we're 268 00:09:54,510 --> 00:09:52,270 always putting out really important 269 00:09:57,240 --> 00:09:54,520 stuff there on twitter too and follow us 270 00:09:59,790 --> 00:09:57,250 over on on youtube we are hubble site 271 00:10:01,890 --> 00:09:59,800 channel on youtube and we're also on 272 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:01,900 facebook so we have an event on facebook 273 00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:04,930 and we're also on instagram at official 274 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:06,850 Hubble and you can see some awesome 275 00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:08,650 pictures and visuals that we put up 276 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:10,720 there yes that's great and I have been 277 00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:12,730 remiss in getting some public some some 278 00:10:15,780 --> 00:10:14,410 pictures up on Instagram so thank you 279 00:10:17,460 --> 00:10:15,790 for mining about well I got you covered 280 00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:17,470 you of course you do that's why you're 281 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:20,140 here yeah you got my back all right 282 00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:22,210 thank you all right so uh let's get back 283 00:10:24,780 --> 00:10:23,500 to these these moai want to talk a 284 00:10:26,670 --> 00:10:24,790 little bit more about these multi-cycle 285 00:10:28,230 --> 00:10:26,680 Treasury programs and Carol I just 286 00:10:29,700 --> 00:10:28,240 wondering can you is one of the things 287 00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:29,710 I've noticed with our hangout trenzas we 288 00:10:33,150 --> 00:10:31,570 do talk a lot about these various 289 00:10:34,290 --> 00:10:33,160 surveys we talk about fat before we've 290 00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:34,300 talked about we felt bout frontier 291 00:10:37,410 --> 00:10:35,470 fields many times and of course now 292 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:37,420 we're on candles again is this kind of a 293 00:10:42,510 --> 00:10:40,450 trend do you think with using Hubble in 294 00:10:44,370 --> 00:10:42,520 this way where we're kind of setting 295 00:10:47,010 --> 00:10:44,380 aside blocks of time for Hubble to do 296 00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:47,020 very specific sort of large larger scale 297 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:50,140 observations well it's it's a balance I 298 00:10:55,830 --> 00:10:52,330 mean when Hubble was first launched 299 00:10:57,660 --> 00:10:55,840 everybody wanted to use the observing 300 00:11:01,730 --> 00:10:57,670 time and there were lots of little 301 00:11:04,470 --> 00:11:01,740 projects and there are still many many 302 00:11:06,090 --> 00:11:04,480 projects that only use a few orbits 303 00:11:08,550 --> 00:11:06,100 because there's lots of interesting 304 00:11:10,410 --> 00:11:08,560 science like if you want to look at us 305 00:11:12,750 --> 00:11:10,420 epic exoplanet or you want to look at a 306 00:11:16,560 --> 00:11:12,760 stellar population of a specific galaxy 307 00:11:20,370 --> 00:11:16,570 but surveys also are important and it's 308 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:20,380 it's also important to look at many 309 00:11:26,610 --> 00:11:23,290 objects in the survey mode using the 310 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:26,620 same instrumentation and so the idea was 311 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:29,410 that part of the time Hubble should be 312 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:32,170 devoted to these multi-cycle Treasury 313 00:11:36,180 --> 00:11:34,810 programs the interesting thing about it 314 00:11:39,420 --> 00:11:36,190 is that the team is really responsible 315 00:11:43,019 --> 00:11:39,430 for the calibration and also the data 316 00:11:44,850 --> 00:11:43,029 becomes available very quickly because 317 00:11:48,540 --> 00:11:44,860 it's such a large amount of data so the 318 00:11:50,370 --> 00:11:48,550 team that proposes the observation gets 319 00:11:52,530 --> 00:11:50,380 first crack at it but they have to 320 00:11:56,010 --> 00:11:52,540 calibrate it and then put it out there 321 00:11:58,769 --> 00:11:56,020 in the archive to use and what's been 322 00:12:00,750 --> 00:11:58,779 found is that what the original team 323 00:12:03,660 --> 00:12:00,760 thought they were going to do they do 324 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:03,670 but then lots of other science can be 325 00:12:09,030 --> 00:12:06,010 done because there are several fields 326 00:12:12,090 --> 00:12:09,040 that are looked at that are pretty much 327 00:12:15,870 --> 00:12:12,100 uniform and address either galaxies or 328 00:12:18,090 --> 00:12:15,880 or like fat the Andromeda galaxy and so 329 00:12:21,120 --> 00:12:18,100 there's lots and lots of information in 330 00:12:23,430 --> 00:12:21,130 those observations that can tell us 331 00:12:27,090 --> 00:12:23,440 about all kinds of astrophysics so they 332 00:12:28,740 --> 00:12:27,100 are very productive in time really good 333 00:12:30,329 --> 00:12:28,750 news observation yeah it sounds like a 334 00:12:32,820 --> 00:12:30,339 good use of public comment and the other 335 00:12:35,970 --> 00:12:32,830 thing is like it's kind of like we're 336 00:12:37,620 --> 00:12:35,980 always saying okay you know Hubble won't 337 00:12:39,950 --> 00:12:37,630 live forever it's been here 25 years 338 00:12:43,620 --> 00:12:39,960 what do we have to do with Hubble and 339 00:12:45,660 --> 00:12:43,630 1.we the Hubble project ask that of the 340 00:12:47,730 --> 00:12:45,670 community they said we want to do more 341 00:12:50,010 --> 00:12:47,740 surveys so it's a response to the 342 00:12:51,540 --> 00:12:50,020 community interest as well oh really i 343 00:12:52,949 --> 00:12:51,550 did not know well I said that explains 344 00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:52,959 why there's so many lately then I don't 345 00:12:56,190 --> 00:12:54,790 recall in the early stage at early days 346 00:12:57,990 --> 00:12:56,200 of Hubble course I've not been around as 347 00:12:59,670 --> 00:12:58,000 long but it seems me like this is sort 348 00:13:01,560 --> 00:12:59,680 of a trend now so that's good to know so 349 00:13:03,630 --> 00:13:01,570 Wow cuz you know what it started with 350 00:13:06,329 --> 00:13:03,640 your favorite observation that's right 351 00:13:08,370 --> 00:13:06,339 the hobby for you exact first one they 352 00:13:10,680 --> 00:13:08,380 want a pony looks the Deep Field you 353 00:13:13,650 --> 00:13:10,690 want to get started on that list I know 354 00:13:15,449 --> 00:13:13,660 okay I'm sorry are you all right I'll 355 00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:15,459 curb that but I will instead of talking 356 00:13:18,750 --> 00:13:17,410 about the Hubble Deep Field will talk 357 00:13:20,820 --> 00:13:18,760 about the deepest galaxies move that 358 00:13:22,290 --> 00:13:20,830 Hubble can see so which brings me to and 359 00:13:24,750 --> 00:13:22,300 as Carol's point as Carol 360 00:13:26,760 --> 00:13:24,760 to this candle survey was one of those 361 00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:26,770 things that had a lot of other science 362 00:13:30,420 --> 00:13:28,810 that could be done from it than what it 363 00:13:32,090 --> 00:13:30,430 wasn't originally intended from so 364 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:32,100 Katherine tell us a little bit about 365 00:13:37,130 --> 00:13:34,810 what your work was I mean yet you 366 00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:37,140 started a little bit talking about this 367 00:13:41,010 --> 00:13:39,040 mosaicing technique that you were doing 368 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:41,020 but tell us a little bit about how you 369 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:44,050 started this and what the science was a 370 00:13:52,410 --> 00:13:49,330 driver behind it okay um all stuffed 371 00:13:57,630 --> 00:13:52,420 hours per day um I started working on 372 00:14:03,270 --> 00:13:57,640 two years ago so candles as in the near 373 00:14:06,750 --> 00:14:03,280 red bands if I'd Cara through P and we 374 00:14:11,580 --> 00:14:06,760 want how to love different way I think 375 00:14:14,970 --> 00:14:11,590 between the arc never so we want to be I 376 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:14,980 ever okay so I'm getting we're getting 377 00:14:18,690 --> 00:14:16,450 are you guys hearing you're being really 378 00:14:20,670 --> 00:14:18,700 broke uppers it just me now I can hear 379 00:14:21,810 --> 00:14:20,680 idea yeah okay all right good so it 380 00:14:23,790 --> 00:14:21,820 sounds like you get your really broken 381 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:23,800 up breaking up Katrin can you I don't 382 00:14:27,750 --> 00:14:25,210 know if there's a way to get on a wired 383 00:14:28,860 --> 00:14:27,760 connection or not or Barrois put your 384 00:14:29,850 --> 00:14:28,870 connecting your where you're breaking up 385 00:14:34,020 --> 00:14:29,860 and we can't understand what you're 386 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:34,030 saying is they're all all right you 387 00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:35,530 could perhaps try getting out of the 388 00:14:38,820 --> 00:14:37,120 Hangout and coming back in or just 389 00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:38,830 trying to plug in a an Ethernet if 390 00:14:42,270 --> 00:14:39,910 you've got it i'm not sure if that's 391 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:42,280 possible or not so while you're doing 392 00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:44,050 that so let me go to you Steve you have 393 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:46,720 a sort we tell us a little about your 394 00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:49,810 role in this research and maybe maybe if 395 00:14:55,230 --> 00:14:52,480 you happen to know some of the science 396 00:15:00,210 --> 00:14:55,240 drivers early on behind it sure yeah so 397 00:15:01,740 --> 00:15:00,220 um the main thing we're after is how 398 00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:01,750 many galaxies are out there in the very 399 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:04,030 distinct really how much light are they 400 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:07,210 putting out because we want to know how 401 00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:08,530 something happens it's called 402 00:15:12,450 --> 00:15:10,930 reionization and so Rihanna zation is 403 00:15:14,130 --> 00:15:12,460 the process where the gas that's in 404 00:15:16,250 --> 00:15:14,140 between galaxies and the universe is 405 00:15:18,750 --> 00:15:16,260 filled with gas between at galaxies 406 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:18,760 basically lost all their electrons so if 407 00:15:22,530 --> 00:15:20,410 this gas is mostly hydrogen which just 408 00:15:23,790 --> 00:15:22,540 has one electron when it's neutral but 409 00:15:25,290 --> 00:15:23,800 nowadays if you go out look at all that 410 00:15:26,670 --> 00:15:25,300 hydrogen gas between the galaxies is 411 00:15:28,470 --> 00:15:26,680 ionized they've lost their electrons 412 00:15:30,780 --> 00:15:28,480 it's just a proton and a neutron then 413 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:30,790 just a proton just approach a bunch of 414 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:34,090 protons yeah and so we think that that 415 00:15:37,530 --> 00:15:36,130 happened that process happen so 416 00:15:39,270 --> 00:15:37,540 we know I had to happen early on because 417 00:15:40,260 --> 00:15:39,280 we could look pretty far back you've 418 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:40,270 been all the way out to a redshift of 419 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:42,130 six or so just a little over a billion 420 00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:43,330 years after the Big Bang and everything 421 00:15:46,470 --> 00:15:45,040 is ionized and we know from our 422 00:15:48,210 --> 00:15:46,480 theoretical understanding that it had to 423 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:48,220 be neutral at some point and so 424 00:15:51,810 --> 00:15:50,410 something had to ionize the gas this is 425 00:15:54,060 --> 00:15:51,820 this process is what we called Rihanna 426 00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:54,070 zation and people have been debating 427 00:15:57,270 --> 00:15:55,330 back and forth for a long time about 428 00:15:59,270 --> 00:15:57,280 what there was galaxies that produce the 429 00:16:01,290 --> 00:15:59,280 photons to do this or perhaps 430 00:16:02,850 --> 00:16:01,300 supermassive black holes that are 431 00:16:04,650 --> 00:16:02,860 creating lots of material and being 432 00:16:06,390 --> 00:16:04,660 entered very energetic and the earth 433 00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:06,400 we're still talking early universe right 434 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:08,560 yeah so they were black holes around 435 00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:11,290 even at this stage well was so there's 436 00:16:14,490 --> 00:16:13,150 one at red chip seven we found one over 437 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:14,500 age of seven and we found several rich 438 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:16,570 of six but the current so the current 439 00:16:20,850 --> 00:16:18,010 thinking is that there are not enough 440 00:16:22,980 --> 00:16:20,860 black holes and so it must be galaxies 441 00:16:24,930 --> 00:16:22,990 and so the other way to answer that 442 00:16:26,910 --> 00:16:24,940 question is count up the galaxies and 443 00:16:29,370 --> 00:16:26,920 see if there are enough and this was one 444 00:16:30,960 --> 00:16:29,380 of the main goals of candles it's also a 445 00:16:33,150 --> 00:16:30,970 main goal of Pablo frontier fields is 446 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:33,160 counting up all the galaxies you can see 447 00:16:38,250 --> 00:16:36,130 and are they producing enough photons to 448 00:16:41,190 --> 00:16:38,260 actually do this realization and the 449 00:16:43,380 --> 00:16:41,200 answer is actually no real it but if we 450 00:16:45,420 --> 00:16:43,390 extrapolate from what we see so we 451 00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:45,430 measure the distribution of luminosities 452 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:47,410 and then we just start it's basically a 453 00:16:51,870 --> 00:16:49,450 histogram of galaxies brightnesses and 454 00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:51,880 it just cuts gets cut off at some point 455 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:53,110 because Hubble can't see that deep but 456 00:16:57,360 --> 00:16:55,210 if we extrapolate that further down to 457 00:16:59,760 --> 00:16:57,370 where we think galaxies may exist what 458 00:17:00,900 --> 00:16:59,770 simulations tell us it is enough but we 459 00:17:03,030 --> 00:17:00,910 would like to observe them because 460 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:03,040 simulations have been wrong before right 461 00:17:07,439 --> 00:17:04,930 it's just a prediction so that's what 462 00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:07,449 ketron has been has been doing so you 463 00:17:12,059 --> 00:17:09,910 really want to see them not just infer 464 00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:12,069 that they're there we really want to see 465 00:17:15,540 --> 00:17:13,660 him and so we're seeing some of them 466 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:15,550 with the frontier fields will see even 467 00:17:22,260 --> 00:17:17,770 more with jwst will see even more with a 468 00:17:23,819 --> 00:17:22,270 jwst frontier fields program ooh even 469 00:17:26,220 --> 00:17:23,829 more unless you guys ever talk about the 470 00:17:29,340 --> 00:17:26,230 the high-definition Space Telescope if 471 00:17:30,750 --> 00:17:29,350 you had a we're not where we're going 472 00:17:32,370 --> 00:17:30,760 we're doing we're going to be doing that 473 00:17:34,350 --> 00:17:32,380 a lot more as time goes on we had we've 474 00:17:38,850 --> 00:17:34,360 had one hang out on that already yeah in 475 00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:38,860 in in other forum but so yeah so I want 476 00:17:42,930 --> 00:17:40,810 to I wanted this this idea of rihanna's 477 00:17:45,540 --> 00:17:42,940 ation is a very very interesting one to 478 00:17:48,090 --> 00:17:45,550 be but it but to sign i'm going to 479 00:17:49,380 --> 00:17:48,100 oversimplify it but it is a stage in the 480 00:17:55,140 --> 00:17:49,390 history of the universe 481 00:17:57,390 --> 00:17:55,150 we're at hydrogen atoms that were once 482 00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:57,400 had all of their uh it would basically 483 00:18:01,440 --> 00:17:59,440 permeated about the most of the dominant 484 00:18:04,350 --> 00:18:01,450 matter in the universe lost that 485 00:18:06,330 --> 00:18:04,360 electron do some mechanism you're saying 486 00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:06,340 that it could be black holes but there 487 00:18:09,420 --> 00:18:07,810 probably wasn't enough and it might be 488 00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:09,430 the galaxies but now you're saying 489 00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:15,310 probably not that either um well I right 490 00:18:19,950 --> 00:18:17,410 we just yeah well so what you would 491 00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:19,960 probably give the galaxies well if we 492 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:21,910 can't see the galaxies that are doing it 493 00:18:26,190 --> 00:18:24,490 I see so I'm a limitation Hubble yeah so 494 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:26,200 they're way more galaxies we can't see 495 00:18:29,850 --> 00:18:28,450 them we can't see oh yeah that being 496 00:18:31,650 --> 00:18:29,860 said there was actually another recent 497 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:31,660 papers that came out of candles 498 00:18:36,510 --> 00:18:33,610 combining candles with Chandra x-ray 499 00:18:38,280 --> 00:18:36,520 data to show that perhaps there are a 500 00:18:40,260 --> 00:18:38,290 lot more plays are as a higher redshift 501 00:18:43,170 --> 00:18:40,270 than we think and maybe quasars could do 502 00:18:45,270 --> 00:18:43,180 it all okay so that's very recent that 503 00:18:46,890 --> 00:18:45,280 that paper came out quasars in the early 504 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:46,900 universe so we're and what's the rough 505 00:18:50,820 --> 00:18:48,370 and so is the time periods Rihanna 506 00:18:53,430 --> 00:18:50,830 zation like what the history of this 507 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:53,440 particular research paper around 500 508 00:18:56,070 --> 00:18:54,490 million years after the Big Bang is that 509 00:18:58,350 --> 00:18:56,080 the kind of time scale we're talking 510 00:18:59,790 --> 00:18:58,360 about here yeah so as probably we don't 511 00:19:01,950 --> 00:18:59,800 know but it was probably a process that 512 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:01,960 took a few hundred million years and so 513 00:19:06,060 --> 00:19:03,850 our best constraints our Rionda station 514 00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:06,070 started you know maybe between redshift 515 00:19:11,250 --> 00:19:08,920 10 and 12 and ended at wretches 6 ok so 516 00:19:13,860 --> 00:19:11,260 there's there is this need then to count 517 00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:13,870 as many as we can of the galaxies that 518 00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:15,370 existed in this period of the universe 519 00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:17,770 the universe's history to determine if 520 00:19:22,050 --> 00:19:20,260 they were responsible for could have the 521 00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:22,060 energy enough to throw away all but not 522 00:19:25,860 --> 00:19:23,310 throw away with strip away these 523 00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:25,870 electrons from the early hydrogen atoms 524 00:19:30,510 --> 00:19:28,510 and this sounds like that and you're 525 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:30,520 using Hubble to do it with candles among 526 00:19:34,770 --> 00:19:33,010 other things I wanted to talk to Karen 527 00:19:36,930 --> 00:19:34,780 about the method that he used with it 528 00:19:39,450 --> 00:19:36,940 but he hasn't returned yet is that 529 00:19:42,090 --> 00:19:39,460 something you can comment I can't really 530 00:19:44,970 --> 00:19:42,100 comment on on it I he will do a much 531 00:19:48,030 --> 00:19:44,980 better job than I will so it's plug in 532 00:19:51,210 --> 00:19:48,040 as Ethernet cable as we speak oh yeah so 533 00:19:52,830 --> 00:19:51,220 uh what he's trying to do I know you 534 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:52,840 guys had that graphic you popped up a 535 00:19:58,410 --> 00:19:55,090 little bit ago those blue and red images 536 00:20:01,200 --> 00:19:58,420 so if you take you know all the galaxies 537 00:20:03,090 --> 00:20:01,210 that are below the Hubble detection that 538 00:20:05,010 --> 00:20:03,100 we can't resolve them we can't see them 539 00:20:06,450 --> 00:20:05,020 is actually still getting light from 540 00:20:08,760 --> 00:20:06,460 those galaxies there's just a lot of 541 00:20:10,710 --> 00:20:08,770 noise in there but those galaxies are 542 00:20:13,049 --> 00:20:10,720 distributed about the universe not in a 543 00:20:14,490 --> 00:20:13,059 random way but in a clustered way galaxy 544 00:20:16,980 --> 00:20:14,500 is like to live where other galaxies 545 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:16,990 like to live galaxies cluster and so if 546 00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:19,330 you try to statistically look at the 547 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:21,610 background and see if there's any kind 548 00:20:27,120 --> 00:20:25,210 of preferential clustering of the 549 00:20:28,950 --> 00:20:27,130 fluctuations of the background light in 550 00:20:30,810 --> 00:20:28,960 the image you may be able to get a 551 00:20:32,370 --> 00:20:30,820 handle on what's left so they take 552 00:20:34,799 --> 00:20:32,380 something like the candles image and 553 00:20:37,529 --> 00:20:34,809 remove all of the actual galaxies that 554 00:20:41,159 --> 00:20:37,539 we can see and try and see what's left 555 00:20:43,860 --> 00:20:41,169 essentially okay so what are we looking 556 00:20:45,779 --> 00:20:43,870 at here we've got three panels yeah and 557 00:20:48,870 --> 00:20:45,789 so so we should a sketch run again when 558 00:20:51,299 --> 00:20:48,880 he gets online Oh left one is the actual 559 00:20:53,820 --> 00:20:51,309 candles image and then the two right 560 00:20:55,470 --> 00:20:53,830 panels are two components of what is 561 00:20:56,760 --> 00:20:55,480 left after you take out the galaxy so 562 00:20:59,549 --> 00:20:56,770 all those little white dots in the left 563 00:21:00,779 --> 00:20:59,559 image you you can remove them or you or 564 00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:00,789 you the very least you mash them out 565 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:02,440 that's actually what the holes are in 566 00:21:05,970 --> 00:21:04,210 the middle and the right panel right 567 00:21:07,799 --> 00:21:05,980 some of those dark holes correspond to 568 00:21:09,149 --> 00:21:07,809 some of the big sources so you just 569 00:21:10,529 --> 00:21:09,159 match those al you say I don't have any 570 00:21:12,149 --> 00:21:10,539 information here it's all blocked out by 571 00:21:14,730 --> 00:21:12,159 in your bike out and then you really 572 00:21:16,919 --> 00:21:14,740 just pump up what's left yeah and so it 573 00:21:18,990 --> 00:21:16,929 turns out there are two components the 574 00:21:20,190 --> 00:21:19,000 middle component was discovered at least 575 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:20,200 to my knowledge at least robustly 576 00:21:24,060 --> 00:21:22,210 discovered last year where it was found 577 00:21:26,159 --> 00:21:24,070 that some of this background fluctuation 578 00:21:28,350 --> 00:21:26,169 is actually due to essentially homeless 579 00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:28,360 stars so stars that have been stripped 580 00:21:31,740 --> 00:21:29,650 out of their galaxies due to 581 00:21:33,149 --> 00:21:31,750 gravitational encounters this kind of 582 00:21:35,789 --> 00:21:33,159 free-floating stars out there in the 583 00:21:37,470 --> 00:21:35,799 universe ah but what ketra was able to 584 00:21:39,419 --> 00:21:37,480 do with candles with unique wavelength 585 00:21:40,980 --> 00:21:39,429 range and depth probe by candles will 586 00:21:43,230 --> 00:21:40,990 show that there was a second component 587 00:21:47,090 --> 00:21:43,240 from galaxies that had to be coming from 588 00:21:50,039 --> 00:21:47,100 the very early universe okay so nothing 589 00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:50,049 just to put a little bit of context here 590 00:21:56,549 --> 00:21:53,679 this leftmost panel is a extremely teeny 591 00:21:58,470 --> 00:21:56,559 tiny little square of the sky we're 592 00:22:00,779 --> 00:21:58,480 talking about a very tiny amount here 593 00:22:02,850 --> 00:22:00,789 odd good he looks like he's back yeah 594 00:22:04,830 --> 00:22:02,860 sorry about that and that's quite all 595 00:22:06,090 --> 00:22:04,840 right you very much better now I've got 596 00:22:07,289 --> 00:22:06,100 some more questions for you and we're 597 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:07,299 just kind of explaining what's going on 598 00:22:11,250 --> 00:22:09,490 so this was what we're looking at in 599 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:11,260 this panel and and steve was given us a 600 00:22:15,390 --> 00:22:12,970 little bit of background on what we're 601 00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:15,400 looking at but I was just trying to get 602 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:16,960 some context with this when it says 603 00:22:20,519 --> 00:22:18,610 I we're looking at a real teeny tiny 604 00:22:22,230 --> 00:22:20,529 portion of the sky so why don't you 605 00:22:25,950 --> 00:22:22,240 describe for us where I'd like to learn 606 00:22:27,570 --> 00:22:25,960 a little bit about what you did to to 607 00:22:29,580 --> 00:22:27,580 sort of do this statistical analysis 608 00:22:31,230 --> 00:22:29,590 with this data and and steve has already 609 00:22:33,690 --> 00:22:31,240 said that you've taken the stars here 610 00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:33,700 and the ones that have been when you 611 00:22:37,590 --> 00:22:35,110 call them tightly striptease or stars 612 00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:37,600 they that are meant to be ripped away 613 00:22:41,399 --> 00:22:40,210 from their host galaxies well what we're 614 00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:41,409 left with is what's in them in the 615 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:44,740 center the center panel and ran and then 616 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:46,690 you did something I missed it about to 617 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:49,330 get us to the to the right panel yeah so 618 00:22:53,659 --> 00:22:51,730 actually both of those the second and 619 00:22:57,659 --> 00:22:53,669 third panels were both reconstructions 620 00:23:00,990 --> 00:22:57,669 actually of model fits that we did so 621 00:23:02,730 --> 00:23:01,000 after I made mosaics in oh it is where 622 00:23:04,909 --> 00:23:02,740 you apply to model to what the 623 00:23:08,130 --> 00:23:04,919 background of this of the leftmost image 624 00:23:11,220 --> 00:23:08,140 that's right yeah so well a masked 625 00:23:16,169 --> 00:23:11,230 version of that sky so after we removed 626 00:23:19,230 --> 00:23:16,179 all the point sources we we isolated the 627 00:23:21,180 --> 00:23:19,240 background light and the statistics 628 00:23:23,940 --> 00:23:21,190 comes in because we do what's called the 629 00:23:27,269 --> 00:23:23,950 angular power spectrum it's very similar 630 00:23:28,649 --> 00:23:27,279 to what they did for the CMB uh that's a 631 00:23:31,950 --> 00:23:28,659 that's a Fourier transform technique 632 00:23:34,380 --> 00:23:31,960 right yeah exactly yeah yeah so on on 633 00:23:36,149 --> 00:23:34,390 small areas it's a Fourier transform on 634 00:23:38,399 --> 00:23:36,159 larger areas it's just a decomposition 635 00:23:41,519 --> 00:23:38,409 of the sky into the spherical harmonics 636 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:41,529 yeah okay so and so with this is what 637 00:23:44,549 --> 00:23:43,330 this is a technique folks where if you 638 00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:44,559 have something that looks like a lot of 639 00:23:48,139 --> 00:23:45,970 noise if there's any pattern in there 640 00:23:52,289 --> 00:23:48,149 it'll come out in one of those kinds of 641 00:23:55,769 --> 00:23:52,299 transforms so so you did that we did 642 00:23:57,419 --> 00:23:55,779 that and then we have a power spectrum 643 00:24:01,230 --> 00:23:57,429 measurement for all these different 644 00:24:03,649 --> 00:24:01,240 bands and then a Santa and his postdoc 645 00:24:06,649 --> 00:24:03,659 applies these relatively complicated 646 00:24:11,370 --> 00:24:06,659 theoretical models and they fit the data 647 00:24:16,019 --> 00:24:11,380 with their models because so once once 648 00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:16,029 they fit the data they give me basically 649 00:24:20,070 --> 00:24:17,710 the model parameters and then what I do 650 00:24:23,940 --> 00:24:20,080 is I invert the power spectra from those 651 00:24:26,850 --> 00:24:23,950 models back to real space and you can 652 00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:26,860 see in the second and third figures what 653 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:30,160 oh and then you count up ok oh 654 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:32,410 get it now all right so you start with 655 00:24:35,670 --> 00:24:33,850 the background image of the sky and 656 00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:35,680 candles we get rid of the stars you do a 657 00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:37,510 Fourier transform of or power get a 658 00:24:42,330 --> 00:24:40,450 power spectrum of it you apply a model 659 00:24:45,180 --> 00:24:42,340 which says look if your power spectrum 660 00:24:47,130 --> 00:24:45,190 looks like this then you have this many 661 00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:47,140 galaxies in and your Galaxy model will 662 00:24:51,450 --> 00:24:49,690 look like what I say and then you took 663 00:24:52,980 --> 00:24:51,460 that model and said okay good well this 664 00:24:54,990 --> 00:24:52,990 is what we have the power spectrum does 665 00:24:57,690 --> 00:24:55,000 look like this model let me invert it 666 00:24:59,130 --> 00:24:57,700 back into space and i will show you and 667 00:25:01,230 --> 00:24:59,140 there's the end of the galaxies and then 668 00:25:05,910 --> 00:25:01,240 you count them all up that's right yeah 669 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:05,920 okay so um and I whole process took two 670 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:09,010 years and that whole thing but that's 671 00:25:12,930 --> 00:25:10,690 still really cool i mean i like that 672 00:25:15,330 --> 00:25:12,940 that's what so that is how and now okay 673 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:15,340 so this is stuff that's down in the 674 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:16,810 noise of an image when you talk about a 675 00:25:19,770 --> 00:25:18,250 background of an image this is stuff 676 00:25:22,470 --> 00:25:19,780 where everything is like you don't know 677 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:22,480 if you're looking at noise with from the 678 00:25:26,940 --> 00:25:24,490 sky or from the instrument or from 679 00:25:29,370 --> 00:25:26,950 Hubble or from whatever or if you're 680 00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:29,380 looking at actual signal is did you get 681 00:25:34,530 --> 00:25:31,510 that from the Fourier transform is that 682 00:25:38,190 --> 00:25:34,540 yeah well we're looking at correlation 683 00:25:39,870 --> 00:25:38,200 so a lot of the noise is uncorrelated so 684 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:39,880 what I did is I made well you got to 685 00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:41,050 describe what you mean by that what I 686 00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:43,570 mean the noise is uncorrelated with what 687 00:25:49,620 --> 00:25:48,310 uh with itself so noise is not 688 00:25:54,420 --> 00:25:49,630 correlated with itself that's a 689 00:25:57,960 --> 00:25:54,430 definition no matter so so what I did is 690 00:26:01,350 --> 00:25:57,970 I made uh two different images of the 691 00:26:03,330 --> 00:26:01,360 same area of sky for each filter so what 692 00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:03,340 I would do is I would take one image 693 00:26:07,050 --> 00:26:05,110 that has the exact same sky as the other 694 00:26:09,930 --> 00:26:07,060 like to the pixel they're aligned but 695 00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:09,940 but different filters sit same filter or 696 00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:11,170 a different filter but let's let's just 697 00:26:14,370 --> 00:26:12,730 talk about the auto power spectra so for 698 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:14,380 the same filter I would make two maps 699 00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:19,170 and if I if I took the power spectrum of 700 00:26:24,990 --> 00:26:22,510 those two maps together then what would 701 00:26:28,290 --> 00:26:25,000 happen is that the the uncorrelated 702 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:28,300 noise would drop out of it okay that 703 00:26:33,990 --> 00:26:31,810 makes sense yes I think well enough in a 704 00:26:35,430 --> 00:26:34,000 sense enough I think so okay so you were 705 00:26:37,230 --> 00:26:35,440 able to and that gives you you obviously 706 00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:37,240 have some confidence level then in what 707 00:26:41,310 --> 00:26:39,310 you're what you've got here yeah sure so 708 00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:41,320 so to get them basically the noise power 709 00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:43,850 spectrum is i would subtract those two 710 00:26:47,260 --> 00:26:46,220 maps from each other and that in 711 00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:47,270 principle would take out the 712 00:26:51,789 --> 00:26:49,490 astrophysical signal and then I would 713 00:26:54,820 --> 00:26:51,799 take the power spectrum of that and I 714 00:26:56,529 --> 00:26:54,830 with the galaxies and that way mom yeah 715 00:26:59,500 --> 00:26:56,539 well that would be our error bars part 716 00:27:02,080 --> 00:26:59,510 of our Arab oh okay good awesome well 717 00:27:03,909 --> 00:27:02,090 good all right so uh in a minute I'm 718 00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:03,919 going to get to what your answer was and 719 00:27:08,049 --> 00:27:05,330 what you found after doing all of that 720 00:27:09,430 --> 00:27:08,059 but woot vanderheide is asking and then 721 00:27:12,549 --> 00:27:09,440 it's got a few wouldn't mind I had asked 722 00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:12,559 you to grab a diagram for me that sort 723 00:27:15,820 --> 00:27:13,970 of shows the oakley you've got something 724 00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:15,830 else up what he got up so what did it no 725 00:27:18,610 --> 00:27:17,210 no well we'll come right back to that 726 00:27:22,120 --> 00:27:18,620 but if I could get you to put up that 727 00:27:23,740 --> 00:27:22,130 map for me or that diagram for me he is 728 00:27:25,270 --> 00:27:23,750 asking and I want to go back to the side 729 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:25,280 this period of rihanna's ation because 730 00:27:30,700 --> 00:27:28,010 it's important he's asking when and how 731 00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:30,710 did Rihanna zation occur now let this 732 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:33,110 diagram kind of shows a history of the 733 00:27:38,680 --> 00:27:34,970 universe this is one of my favorite kind 734 00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:38,690 of descriptions of the way in which 735 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:40,610 things happened in the universe so Steve 736 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:43,010 can you give us some sense of where in 737 00:27:49,690 --> 00:27:46,210 this thing the rihanna's ation would lie 738 00:27:52,120 --> 00:27:49,700 I think I'm reading it right now it 739 00:27:54,250 --> 00:27:52,130 looks like the second slice from the 740 00:27:58,419 --> 00:27:54,260 right the kind of purple one we're sort 741 00:27:59,560 --> 00:27:58,429 of the first galaxies are forming so so 742 00:28:01,630 --> 00:27:59,570 this point where says structure 743 00:28:04,750 --> 00:28:01,640 formation that's what we're talking 744 00:28:06,070 --> 00:28:04,760 about here and and so we're looking you 745 00:28:08,919 --> 00:28:06,080 know this is what about a billion years 746 00:28:10,510 --> 00:28:08,929 or so after the Big Bang and the way if 747 00:28:11,919 --> 00:28:10,520 you go backward you see all kinds of 748 00:28:13,510 --> 00:28:11,929 very strange things happening not the 749 00:28:15,190 --> 00:28:13,520 least of which is inflation but that's 750 00:28:17,860 --> 00:28:15,200 all outside of the order of this thing 751 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:17,870 but this is when we're talking about in 752 00:28:20,799 --> 00:28:19,010 the history of the universe so about a 753 00:28:23,890 --> 00:28:20,809 billion a little bit before that years 754 00:28:25,450 --> 00:28:23,900 after the Big Bang as far as how Rihanna 755 00:28:27,159 --> 00:28:25,460 Rihanna zation occurred that's what 756 00:28:30,070 --> 00:28:27,169 we're trying to figure out now right 757 00:28:32,710 --> 00:28:30,080 guys that's right so as well as Steve 758 00:28:34,870 --> 00:28:32,720 was saying it thought that it could be 759 00:28:35,830 --> 00:28:34,880 due to black holes well it could be 760 00:28:37,659 --> 00:28:35,840 doing this but then there probably 761 00:28:39,220 --> 00:28:37,669 wasn't enough this early on in the 762 00:28:40,539 --> 00:28:39,230 universe's history and now they're 763 00:28:43,270 --> 00:28:40,549 trying to determine if there are enough 764 00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:43,280 galaxies in the early universe to have 765 00:28:48,279 --> 00:28:46,130 had the energy to do this and and what 766 00:28:50,710 --> 00:28:48,289 Catron's been doing is try to figure out 767 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:50,720 using these Fourier analysis techniques 768 00:28:56,350 --> 00:28:54,650 and modeling how many that were so 769 00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:56,360 you've got your error bars catcher and 770 00:28:59,560 --> 00:28:57,650 you've got you if you figured out 771 00:29:02,440 --> 00:28:59,570 out you party got a pretty good idea of 772 00:29:05,530 --> 00:29:02,450 your little slice of sky there how many 773 00:29:08,350 --> 00:29:05,540 galaxies did you find well what's the so 774 00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:08,360 what'd you find out how many are there 775 00:29:14,410 --> 00:29:11,450 enough galaxies do you think to do this 776 00:29:19,840 --> 00:29:14,420 kind of reorganization and how many are 777 00:29:23,590 --> 00:29:19,850 there i yes there are enough we found 778 00:29:26,650 --> 00:29:23,600 that there are an order of ten times as 779 00:29:28,330 --> 00:29:26,660 many as we previously thought ten times 780 00:29:34,810 --> 00:29:28,340 more galaxies in what everybody thought 781 00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:34,820 before yeah so a typical deep survey for 782 00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:38,210 Hubble usually takes really long 783 00:29:42,550 --> 00:29:40,850 integrations over a smaller area and 784 00:29:44,530 --> 00:29:42,560 what they pick up is really the 785 00:29:47,770 --> 00:29:44,540 brightest sources at these really old 786 00:29:50,710 --> 00:29:47,780 epochs but what we're doing is picking 787 00:29:53,290 --> 00:29:50,720 up a signal from kind of the more 788 00:29:56,470 --> 00:29:53,300 character characteristic population okay 789 00:30:01,960 --> 00:29:56,480 that's not as bright so is what Scott 790 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:01,970 showing now uh describing that what is 791 00:30:07,570 --> 00:30:03,410 this showing actually I don't get it 792 00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:07,580 yeah so the this is a the brightness of 793 00:30:14,230 --> 00:30:10,690 the background light as a function of 794 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:14,240 wavelength so this wave links at the 795 00:30:18,930 --> 00:30:16,130 bottom and brightest okay yeah that's 796 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:18,940 right so the star-formation rate is is 797 00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:21,290 directly proportional to the amplitude 798 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:24,650 of our power spectra and that's shown 799 00:30:30,910 --> 00:30:28,130 with those yellow points so the two 800 00:30:32,410 --> 00:30:30,920 right word yellow yellow points are the 801 00:30:33,610 --> 00:30:32,420 whip see three bands and those are the 802 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:33,620 two bands where we're picking up this 803 00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:37,250 very important yeah yeah and then you go 804 00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:38,480 to the shorter bands and the signal just 805 00:30:43,750 --> 00:30:41,510 totally drops out and that doesn't 806 00:30:45,910 --> 00:30:43,760 contain any high redshift component in 807 00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:45,920 it so based on the amplitude of that 808 00:30:52,110 --> 00:30:49,430 brightness we can kind of deduce the 809 00:30:55,390 --> 00:30:52,120 amount of star formation that's going on 810 00:30:57,190 --> 00:30:55,400 which tells you then how many galaxies 811 00:30:58,300 --> 00:30:57,200 there are yeah that's right I'm trying 812 00:30:59,830 --> 00:30:58,310 to get to the connection between the 813 00:31:02,020 --> 00:30:59,840 galaxies what's that red line there that 814 00:31:03,550 --> 00:31:02,030 just peeks at the near-infrared what 815 00:31:04,870 --> 00:31:03,560 what's the wave I can't see because 816 00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:04,880 everybody's thumbnails what's the 817 00:31:10,510 --> 00:31:08,090 wavelength um that's right around one 818 00:31:11,299 --> 00:31:10,520 micron all those are microns okay one 819 00:31:13,549 --> 00:31:11,309 right 820 00:31:15,259 --> 00:31:13,559 have one Mike okay good so it Peaks 821 00:31:17,060 --> 00:31:15,269 right around mount one micron and so 822 00:31:19,180 --> 00:31:17,070 this is where candles was giving you a 823 00:31:21,799 --> 00:31:19,190 lot of data you said you also used uh 824 00:31:25,220 --> 00:31:21,809 archived data for this as well yeah I 825 00:31:28,039 --> 00:31:25,230 did so Steve mentioned a good survey so 826 00:31:31,249 --> 00:31:28,049 this does not be before candles yeah 827 00:31:34,279 --> 00:31:31,259 that's right i think in 2004 gia Velasco 828 00:31:37,580 --> 00:31:34,289 had a lot of observations in the 829 00:31:41,509 --> 00:31:37,590 advanced camera for surveys the ACS it's 830 00:31:45,499 --> 00:31:41,519 been on Hubble so what actually happened 831 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:45,509 I think on the fourth servicing mission 832 00:31:51,950 --> 00:31:47,850 of Hubble they replaced so the readout 833 00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:51,960 box for acs and that introduced some 834 00:31:56,259 --> 00:31:54,450 correlated noise into the instrument so 835 00:31:59,720 --> 00:31:56,269 we actually couldn't use that much 836 00:32:04,690 --> 00:31:59,730 candles data from acs because of that so 837 00:32:07,759 --> 00:32:04,700 we had to use archive data and we used 838 00:32:12,169 --> 00:32:07,769 the majority of the ACS data is from the 839 00:32:15,019 --> 00:32:12,179 archive from between 2001 and 2011 I 840 00:32:16,909 --> 00:32:15,029 think okay all right so you found 10 841 00:32:18,649 --> 00:32:16,919 times more galaxies and we're previously 842 00:32:20,029 --> 00:32:18,659 thought in this period of the universe 843 00:32:25,789 --> 00:32:20,039 you think there's more than enough now 844 00:32:27,230 --> 00:32:25,799 to come to uh to understand the i don't 845 00:32:29,119 --> 00:32:27,240 know if i should say the engine of 846 00:32:30,289 --> 00:32:29,129 rihanna's ation or not but something 847 00:32:34,129 --> 00:32:30,299 that at least there's an X there's a 848 00:32:36,619 --> 00:32:34,139 driver behind some of it at least what 849 00:32:39,619 --> 00:32:36,629 it can you would it be helpful to go 850 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:39,629 back any further than this particular 851 00:32:43,940 --> 00:32:42,450 period that candles was looking at or is 852 00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:43,950 this pretty much as far back you need to 853 00:32:49,730 --> 00:32:47,490 go Colin I mean yeah cosmological ear in 854 00:32:51,799 --> 00:32:49,740 the universe is this about as it would 855 00:32:56,930 --> 00:32:51,809 help to go any further back well if we 856 00:33:02,029 --> 00:32:56,940 could we would and why can't you well 857 00:33:03,289 --> 00:33:02,039 said was right right so what vui you see 858 00:33:05,509 --> 00:33:03,299 Rob go over this you've pretty much 859 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:05,519 reached a limit of where Hubble can 860 00:33:10,850 --> 00:33:08,490 lease in terms of candles can do Carolyn 861 00:33:13,549 --> 00:33:10,860 gasps planning for their TARDIS yet they 862 00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:13,559 are waiting and exactly so I mean I 863 00:33:16,460 --> 00:33:14,970 don't Carol I don't know if you know 864 00:33:18,139 --> 00:33:16,470 this or not but is it possible to do 865 00:33:19,940 --> 00:33:18,149 anything more with this do you think 866 00:33:21,440 --> 00:33:19,950 with the frontier fields because 867 00:33:23,509 --> 00:33:21,450 frontier fields is cheating a little bit 868 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:23,519 frontier fields is using lenses galaxy 869 00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:25,170 lenses to kind of boost the power 870 00:33:30,590 --> 00:33:27,450 bubble is there a chance you think maybe 871 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:30,600 biting you mean science Aang yeah no I 872 00:33:35,540 --> 00:33:32,610 think our guests are better suited to 873 00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:35,550 answer the thing is that yeah it looks 874 00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:40,530 back um part of the thing I mean for me 875 00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:42,570 thinking about the frontier fields data 876 00:33:48,350 --> 00:33:46,290 you've got this lensing stuff going on 877 00:33:50,450 --> 00:33:48,360 so talking about how you're going to 878 00:33:51,950 --> 00:33:50,460 handle the instrumentation and how 879 00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:51,960 you're going to subtract out the lens 880 00:33:59,210 --> 00:33:54,930 galaxies and the behind galaxies and see 881 00:34:01,310 --> 00:33:59,220 what noise you have left um I would 882 00:34:03,230 --> 00:34:01,320 think it would be possible but you 883 00:34:05,870 --> 00:34:03,240 should I what do you hope what do you 884 00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:05,880 think lens models to do that what do you 885 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:08,310 think Catrin are you do you think they 886 00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:10,770 are less shy than I am about that kind 887 00:34:15,650 --> 00:34:13,530 of day does that complicate things 888 00:34:17,450 --> 00:34:15,660 having to undo the lensing models with 889 00:34:21,830 --> 00:34:17,460 with with frontier fields would that 890 00:34:23,409 --> 00:34:21,840 help you at all or no um well I think 891 00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:23,419 that's a fundamentally different 892 00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:26,310 technique than what we're doing here but 893 00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:28,620 it people do do that yeah okay all right 894 00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:30,330 so probably not is basically yet so I 895 00:34:33,770 --> 00:34:32,280 think I think the bigger issue there and 896 00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:33,780 Catrin can correct me if I'm wrong is 897 00:34:37,190 --> 00:34:35,610 that the area that you get for each 898 00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:37,200 frontier fields cluster is much smaller 899 00:34:41,630 --> 00:34:39,840 yeah and one of the candles familes and 900 00:34:44,210 --> 00:34:41,640 so you've been basically on you're going 901 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:44,220 a little deeper but I think it's yeah 902 00:34:47,810 --> 00:34:45,690 it's not really adding that much area 903 00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:47,820 and then you know you have to mask out 904 00:34:50,780 --> 00:34:49,110 everything that's in the image and 905 00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:50,790 there's a lot more galaxies and an image 906 00:34:54,409 --> 00:34:52,410 of a galaxy cluster than in the candles 907 00:34:55,940 --> 00:34:54,419 field and so not only you starting from 908 00:34:57,770 --> 00:34:55,950 a smaller image you then have to mask a 909 00:35:00,380 --> 00:34:57,780 bunch of it out so you're losing a bunch 910 00:35:02,630 --> 00:35:00,390 of space you're losing more pixels okay 911 00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:02,640 so so so candles really was the ideal 912 00:35:07,190 --> 00:35:04,170 data set to help with this with this 913 00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:07,200 kind of research then not so much I 914 00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:09,110 think you kind of need annex 915 00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:12,410 unobstructed view and that's why 916 00:35:17,240 --> 00:35:15,510 telescopes like Jay Davis tea and high 917 00:35:18,590 --> 00:35:17,250 definition of space telescope of 918 00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:18,600 interest because if you want to keep 919 00:35:24,350 --> 00:35:21,210 picking away at this problem down at 920 00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:24,360 this level of noise um you really need 921 00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:27,810 more powerful and bigger telescope and 922 00:35:33,230 --> 00:35:31,650 and more powerful I'm so happy you went 923 00:35:36,290 --> 00:35:33,240 there Carol so let's talk about that 924 00:35:38,690 --> 00:35:36,300 person Katherine can you comment on that 925 00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:38,700 just a little bit i mean the the 926 00:35:43,609 --> 00:35:42,210 so we've done we've done a lot of work 927 00:35:45,349 --> 00:35:43,619 with Hubble about as much as Hubble can 928 00:35:47,780 --> 00:35:45,359 do with this kind of research with 929 00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:47,790 finding these early galaxies in what way 930 00:35:51,230 --> 00:35:49,530 does it help let me ask you this I know 931 00:35:53,060 --> 00:35:51,240 jwst is probably going to be able to 932 00:35:55,210 --> 00:35:53,070 help in this way but what way are you 933 00:36:00,290 --> 00:35:55,220 helping jwst I want to start there first 934 00:36:01,370 --> 00:36:00,300 um directly or indirectly well indirect 935 00:36:04,099 --> 00:36:01,380 I mean aren't you kind of setting the 936 00:36:06,950 --> 00:36:04,109 stage for the signatures and the early 937 00:36:09,410 --> 00:36:06,960 work that if Hubble if you push JWST for 938 00:36:12,950 --> 00:36:09,420 example like you do Hubble and you get 939 00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:12,960 you can help jws team a little bit with 940 00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:15,450 its maybe pushing the boundaries a 941 00:36:21,770 --> 00:36:19,130 little bit am I wrong hopefully oh yeah 942 00:36:24,020 --> 00:36:21,780 maybe they'll be inclined to accept 943 00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:24,030 proposals with this kind of observation 944 00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:27,030 pattern I say ok good so I and of course 945 00:36:34,130 --> 00:36:28,710 then the next question is is jwst gonna 946 00:36:35,240 --> 00:36:34,140 help with this oh absolutely yeah so 947 00:36:37,490 --> 00:36:35,250 there's a chance that they could even 948 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:37,500 resolve these individual galaxies but 949 00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:39,570 yeah because right now what you're 950 00:36:45,530 --> 00:36:42,570 looking at in noise or in background I 951 00:36:47,180 --> 00:36:45,540 shouldn't call it noise is JW might 952 00:36:49,069 --> 00:36:47,190 actually be able to lose resolve correct 953 00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:49,079 yeah this is so everything I do is 954 00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:52,470 unresolved it's just blobs of over and 955 00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:53,940 under densities right that's an 956 00:36:56,900 --> 00:36:55,200 important point because you're relying 957 00:36:59,720 --> 00:36:56,910 on these power spectra to point out the 958 00:37:01,849 --> 00:36:59,730 features of these things for you and to 959 00:37:03,859 --> 00:37:01,859 identify them in these models to sort of 960 00:37:05,750 --> 00:37:03,869 unravel what you're looking at but here 961 00:37:08,210 --> 00:37:05,760 JW will actually provide observations 962 00:37:09,230 --> 00:37:08,220 correct yeah and the resolution and the 963 00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:09,240 sensitivity is going to be so much 964 00:37:15,230 --> 00:37:13,170 higher that they might even resolve them 965 00:37:18,079 --> 00:37:15,240 individually and then of course after 966 00:37:19,579 --> 00:37:18,089 that we've got even bigger HD st as 967 00:37:22,250 --> 00:37:19,589 Carol pointed out coming out a salute 968 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:22,260 what about wlb that's what's to you 969 00:37:26,089 --> 00:37:24,210 missed talking about is that it you know 970 00:37:28,910 --> 00:37:26,099 you picking away at this problem and 971 00:37:32,059 --> 00:37:28,920 then you you so I think what's being 972 00:37:35,180 --> 00:37:32,069 said here is that you can infer that 973 00:37:36,650 --> 00:37:35,190 those objects exist but you really want 974 00:37:38,990 --> 00:37:36,660 to see them that's right that's a good 975 00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:39,000 point so right now I'm furring based on 976 00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:40,230 power spectra that they're there and 977 00:37:44,270 --> 00:37:42,450 models that suggested they should be 978 00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:44,280 there but we haven't actually took put 979 00:37:47,180 --> 00:37:45,540 our fingers on them yet and said yes 980 00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:47,190 there's one and that's where the 981 00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:48,900 frontier fields can't help out they are 982 00:37:53,239 --> 00:37:52,079 not going to see them all but we are 983 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:53,249 we're working on the frontier fields of 984 00:37:56,539 --> 00:37:54,930 my group we're finding a lot of very 985 00:37:57,920 --> 00:37:56,549 very faint galaxies that little good 986 00:37:59,809 --> 00:37:57,930 major that Hubble is able to see before 987 00:38:01,459 --> 00:37:59,819 so maybe we can do another hangout on 988 00:38:02,569 --> 00:38:01,469 that sometime of course you're right dad 989 00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:02,579 paper we haven't done the frontier 990 00:38:04,910 --> 00:38:03,959 fields one in a while so yes I 991 00:38:06,049 --> 00:38:04,920 definitely like to talk a little bit 992 00:38:07,449 --> 00:38:06,059 more about what's going on there so 993 00:38:09,739 --> 00:38:07,459 that's great that's great news okay 994 00:38:11,959 --> 00:38:09,749 first key meant to W first w first would 995 00:38:13,759 --> 00:38:11,969 also be very useful for these types of 996 00:38:15,799 --> 00:38:13,769 analyses because it's because that's not 997 00:38:16,910 --> 00:38:15,809 very wide yields that's right good I'm 998 00:38:18,289 --> 00:38:16,920 glad you do because that's going to be 999 00:38:20,029 --> 00:38:18,299 the reason I wanted to bring it up was 1000 00:38:23,120 --> 00:38:20,039 because that's gonna be before HD st so 1001 00:38:24,380 --> 00:38:23,130 uh so W so W first we'll be able to 1002 00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:24,390 contribute to this quite a bit actually 1003 00:38:27,079 --> 00:38:25,650 I would imagine because it can look at 1004 00:38:29,449 --> 00:38:27,089 you Jerry's at the sky yeah absolutely 1005 00:38:31,579 --> 00:38:29,459 can look at huge areas but it's a it's a 1006 00:38:33,739 --> 00:38:31,589 Hubble size telescope but a single a 1007 00:38:36,829 --> 00:38:33,749 single picture with W first is something 1008 00:38:38,779 --> 00:38:36,839 like a hundred times the area of a 1009 00:38:40,670 --> 00:38:38,789 single picture with Hubble so Katherine 1010 00:38:43,999 --> 00:38:40,680 I know this is a loaded question but the 1011 00:38:47,299 --> 00:38:44,009 the European on track your grad student 1012 00:38:50,029 --> 00:38:47,309 ready to become a PhD are you are you 1013 00:38:52,940 --> 00:38:50,039 excited about using hjw ste and then 1014 00:38:57,079 --> 00:38:52,950 following by a w first and are you going 1015 00:38:59,059 --> 00:38:57,089 to be getting your PhD soon I get a 1016 00:39:03,289 --> 00:38:59,069 terrible question are you getting your 1017 00:39:05,269 --> 00:39:03,299 ph a terrible quail you on track are you 1018 00:39:07,069 --> 00:39:05,279 yeah i actually i think i'll probably 1019 00:39:10,069 --> 00:39:07,079 get him about it next year we're gonna 1020 00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:10,079 view you a few you're not so I mean ever 1021 00:39:16,699 --> 00:39:13,410 for you to phd comics I'm not ask you 1022 00:39:18,170 --> 00:39:16,709 out to me I said it was a loaded 1023 00:39:20,439 --> 00:39:18,180 question I did not mean it in any other 1024 00:39:22,339 --> 00:39:20,449 way other than way I said it so good 1025 00:39:24,439 --> 00:39:22,349 well that's good so that's so good 1026 00:39:26,029 --> 00:39:24,449 because we this you're the generation of 1027 00:39:28,160 --> 00:39:26,039 astronomers I point this out because 1028 00:39:31,459 --> 00:39:28,170 you're the generation of astronomers for 1029 00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:31,469 which jwst is prime suited to help and I 1030 00:39:35,180 --> 00:39:32,880 just wanted to know how what your 1031 00:39:38,569 --> 00:39:35,190 thoughts are on the possibilities of 1032 00:39:41,410 --> 00:39:38,579 using a telescope like that uh yeah i 1033 00:39:44,660 --> 00:39:41,420 mean it it it would be very amazing i 1034 00:39:48,349 --> 00:39:44,670 had the opportunity of it i guess it's a 1035 00:39:51,319 --> 00:39:48,359 few years away 28 yeah so you've got 1036 00:39:54,199 --> 00:39:51,329 time see you don't worry i get your you 1037 00:39:56,749 --> 00:39:54,209 get your time to finish yeah i'll 1038 00:39:58,459 --> 00:39:56,759 probably finish before that and 1039 00:40:00,890 --> 00:39:58,469 hopefully there are postdoc 1040 00:40:03,079 --> 00:40:00,900 opportunities that would allow such a 1041 00:40:05,070 --> 00:40:03,089 study good alright well that's good to 1042 00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:05,080 know and i wish you best of luck in the 1043 00:40:09,420 --> 00:40:07,210 and in the course of your research I and 1044 00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:09,430 this particular result is I find very 1045 00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:11,410 fascinating one so I want to thank you 1046 00:40:15,660 --> 00:40:12,850 for taking the time out to talk to us 1047 00:40:19,770 --> 00:40:15,670 about this let me look and see if I can 1048 00:40:21,840 --> 00:40:19,780 find any the Q&A app just to co-own a 1049 00:40:23,460 --> 00:40:21,850 Hubble huggers yes good evening Hubble 1050 00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:23,470 huggers or good afternoon depending on 1051 00:40:29,730 --> 00:40:26,410 your your time your time I have I had a 1052 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:29,740 question and trying to understand the 1053 00:40:39,360 --> 00:40:33,970 way that the data is handled so are 1054 00:40:41,850 --> 00:40:39,370 there are you are you having to deal 1055 00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:41,860 with a lot of calibration and instrument 1056 00:40:48,020 --> 00:40:44,650 effects to make absolutely sure that 1057 00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:48,030 what you are seeing is a real signature 1058 00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:53,410 from an Astrophysical you know density 1059 00:40:58,590 --> 00:40:56,170 of Astrophysical objects I mean it seems 1060 00:41:03,200 --> 00:40:58,600 like when you work around and the noise 1061 00:41:06,630 --> 00:41:03,210 like that it is very difficult yeah 1062 00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:06,640 that's a good question how do you know 1063 00:41:14,220 --> 00:41:11,890 though we do simulations okay I I'll do 1064 00:41:17,490 --> 00:41:14,230 so we have a huge collection of these 1065 00:41:19,250 --> 00:41:17,500 raw individual exposures which make up a 1066 00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:19,260 small subsection of the whole mosaic 1067 00:41:25,380 --> 00:41:22,570 okay so what I'll do is I'll inject some 1068 00:41:28,080 --> 00:41:25,390 signal into these into these individual 1069 00:41:31,050 --> 00:41:28,090 frames a signal that I know very well 1070 00:41:33,750 --> 00:41:31,060 and then I'll mosaic them and then I 1071 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:33,760 will see how well my mosaicing routine 1072 00:41:38,580 --> 00:41:36,490 is removing offsets and things like this 1073 00:41:40,470 --> 00:41:38,590 and then I'll take that into 1074 00:41:43,350 --> 00:41:40,480 consideration with the final power 1075 00:41:45,030 --> 00:41:43,360 spectra and add the air the total error 1076 00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:45,040 budget is also a function of that of 1077 00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:48,690 those simulations so I spent probably 1078 00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:51,700 4-5 months just running simulations to 1079 00:41:59,820 --> 00:41:54,910 kind of quantify the noise and get a 1080 00:42:01,260 --> 00:41:59,830 hold on the different errors so I mean I 1081 00:42:03,030 --> 00:42:01,270 think this is an important point about 1082 00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:03,040 the way that you know you just don't 1083 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:05,290 take an observation and voila you have 1084 00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:07,330 this amazing result is that there's 1085 00:42:11,460 --> 00:42:09,670 there's you know getting the data 1086 00:42:14,220 --> 00:42:11,470 calibrating it make sure it's the best 1087 00:42:17,310 --> 00:42:14,230 data you can clean it as best you can 1088 00:42:19,020 --> 00:42:17,320 then you have modeling which is trying 1089 00:42:22,140 --> 00:42:19,030 to look at what the astrophysics under 1090 00:42:23,970 --> 00:42:22,150 I and then and a lot of things you do 1091 00:42:26,310 --> 00:42:23,980 simulations where you put a known thing 1092 00:42:28,380 --> 00:42:26,320 in you see if you can get back out and 1093 00:42:30,930 --> 00:42:28,390 that and that kind of thing i think it's 1094 00:42:34,260 --> 00:42:30,940 it's it's interesting that that shows up 1095 00:42:36,590 --> 00:42:34,270 in many different areas of astrophysics 1096 00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:36,600 and trying to understand the data that 1097 00:42:42,120 --> 00:42:41,050 that comes out yeah and also what I was 1098 00:42:45,930 --> 00:42:42,130 talking about before how I had two 1099 00:42:47,340 --> 00:42:45,940 images for each field for yes so when i 1100 00:42:48,930 --> 00:42:47,350 subtract those two images from each 1101 00:42:51,720 --> 00:42:48,940 other all the astrophysical signal 1102 00:42:54,720 --> 00:42:51,730 should go away and it does yes should 1103 00:42:57,750 --> 00:42:54,730 and it does yeah oh that's good that's 1104 00:43:00,240 --> 00:42:57,760 good that's good but if yet it is a very 1105 00:43:04,500 --> 00:43:00,250 long process from the initial exposure 1106 00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:04,510 to the final results alright gotta got a 1107 00:43:08,520 --> 00:43:06,310 dart go ahead Caroll are you done well I 1108 00:43:10,950 --> 00:43:08,530 had what yeah one other question and 1109 00:43:14,070 --> 00:43:10,960 trying to understand so so if you tried 1110 00:43:15,930 --> 00:43:14,080 to do this with one field it would be a 1111 00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:15,940 little more I would think I don't know 1112 00:43:19,470 --> 00:43:17,590 would be a little more difficult but the 1113 00:43:22,770 --> 00:43:19,480 fact that you have these mosaics and 1114 00:43:24,870 --> 00:43:22,780 that you have several data sets allows 1115 00:43:28,380 --> 00:43:24,880 you to understand the instrument better 1116 00:43:29,610 --> 00:43:28,390 son it seems like the instrument you 1117 00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:29,620 would be able to understand the 1118 00:43:34,650 --> 00:43:31,710 signature of the instrument itself 1119 00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:34,660 pretty well so that you know you're not 1120 00:43:39,030 --> 00:43:37,090 being fooled by some funny effect from 1121 00:43:41,280 --> 00:43:39,040 the instrument right actually met Renee 1122 00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:41,290 CS right that there was a change and 1123 00:43:49,680 --> 00:43:45,810 then it it it was a yeah there's this uh 1124 00:43:51,150 --> 00:43:49,690 Eureka package that a big group of smart 1125 00:43:54,060 --> 00:43:51,160 people at Space Telescope or writing 1126 00:43:56,370 --> 00:43:54,070 wait which I mean it's really amazing 1127 00:43:58,230 --> 00:43:56,380 because they they're basically doing all 1128 00:43:59,340 --> 00:43:58,240 the hard work they're finding all of 1129 00:44:00,750 --> 00:43:59,350 these things that you're talking about 1130 00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:00,760 the instrumental effects and finding 1131 00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:02,710 ways to kind of ameliorate all of the 1132 00:44:06,840 --> 00:44:04,810 different things that could go on so I 1133 00:44:09,510 --> 00:44:06,850 I'm just running Python scripts that 1134 00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:09,520 call these functions that people smarter 1135 00:44:13,230 --> 00:44:11,110 than me i've already written that's 1136 00:44:15,450 --> 00:44:13,240 right no you that that's a big effort 1137 00:44:17,490 --> 00:44:15,460 here at the in suits called Eureka re ka 1138 00:44:19,380 --> 00:44:17,500 and it's a really important astronomy 1139 00:44:22,230 --> 00:44:19,390 develop our software package for people 1140 00:44:23,220 --> 00:44:22,240 who use Hubble data so I'm glad glad you 1141 00:44:25,470 --> 00:44:23,230 gave the shout out I'm sure they'll 1142 00:44:30,030 --> 00:44:25,480 appreciate it I was using it today 1143 00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:30,040 earlier nah yeah endorsement Oh 1144 00:44:33,060 --> 00:44:31,810 and they'll be happy here that's them 1145 00:44:34,560 --> 00:44:33,070 with our science software branch here at 1146 00:44:37,230 --> 00:44:34,570 the Institute so that's really great I 1147 00:44:38,790 --> 00:44:37,240 have a dark-matter question from Michael 1148 00:44:40,770 --> 00:44:38,800 jobin hi Michael welcome back as I'm 1149 00:44:43,050 --> 00:44:40,780 always glad to see your questions he 1150 00:44:47,220 --> 00:44:43,060 wants to know how do we know dark matter 1151 00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:47,230 is a kind of particle only or not just 1152 00:44:51,750 --> 00:44:49,510 some bodies of some sort that we can't 1153 00:44:55,110 --> 00:44:51,760 see yet but you want to comment on that 1154 00:44:56,970 --> 00:44:55,120 Steve maybe or is it a cuddle sure no 1155 00:44:58,350 --> 00:44:56,980 welcome to that I saw the question min 1156 00:45:02,120 --> 00:44:58,360 ago and I was like oh that's a good 1157 00:45:04,350 --> 00:45:02,130 question ah so did we always give you a 1158 00:45:05,430 --> 00:45:04,360 particle physicist provide a much better 1159 00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:05,440 answer but I will provide an 1160 00:45:09,960 --> 00:45:08,410 Astrophysical answer which is we can see 1161 00:45:13,020 --> 00:45:09,970 that the densities and the Centers of 1162 00:45:14,730 --> 00:45:13,030 galaxies are really high and this is 1163 00:45:16,860 --> 00:45:14,740 just a guess but I'm guessing that if it 1164 00:45:18,510 --> 00:45:16,870 was due to actual regular matter like 1165 00:45:20,430 --> 00:45:18,520 say a bunch of asteroids or something 1166 00:45:23,220 --> 00:45:20,440 like that there would have to be so many 1167 00:45:24,810 --> 00:45:23,230 did either a you would see them or be 1168 00:45:26,790 --> 00:45:24,820 they would prevent things from moving 1169 00:45:28,080 --> 00:45:26,800 around in their orbits so stars and 1170 00:45:30,210 --> 00:45:28,090 other things will be smashing into it 1171 00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:30,220 all the time and that would cause things 1172 00:45:35,870 --> 00:45:32,710 to glow and we would see it good 1173 00:45:38,070 --> 00:45:35,880 question that is that is an answer there 1174 00:45:39,660 --> 00:45:38,080 that's right there's a lot about dark 1175 00:45:41,250 --> 00:45:39,670 matter we're still trying to find out so 1176 00:45:43,860 --> 00:45:41,260 according to the press release I was 1177 00:45:45,540 --> 00:45:43,870 just reading here and the next area open 1178 00:45:47,850 --> 00:45:45,550 that follows from what you guys are 1179 00:45:50,160 --> 00:45:47,860 doing is that you want to kind of look 1180 00:45:51,810 --> 00:45:50,170 in the x-rays next to see what's going 1181 00:45:54,210 --> 00:45:51,820 on with some of this primordial stuff 1182 00:45:56,910 --> 00:45:54,220 that's out there because the earliest 1183 00:45:58,680 --> 00:45:56,920 stars they were they were very large and 1184 00:46:02,550 --> 00:45:58,690 they collapsed really quickly because 1185 00:46:03,690 --> 00:46:02,560 they were so large and so and so they 1186 00:46:05,310 --> 00:46:03,700 did this thing called up what was I 1187 00:46:07,590 --> 00:46:05,320 forget the name now because the core 1188 00:46:09,090 --> 00:46:07,600 core collapse I forget when I i forget 1189 00:46:11,610 --> 00:46:09,100 the kind of supernova it was it was a 1190 00:46:14,970 --> 00:46:11,620 very special kind anyway and those would 1191 00:46:16,590 --> 00:46:14,980 show up in the x-ray so are there any 1192 00:46:18,060 --> 00:46:16,600 plans for you guys to be doing some 1193 00:46:21,510 --> 00:46:18,070 x-ray work or is that other members of 1194 00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:21,520 the team I actually just sent a draft 1195 00:46:27,180 --> 00:46:24,010 around about extra cross-correlations 1196 00:46:29,940 --> 00:46:27,190 yesterday so the collaborators so yeah 1197 00:46:32,100 --> 00:46:29,950 we are we are doing that we r cross 1198 00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:32,110 correlating x-ray background maps with 1199 00:46:37,380 --> 00:46:35,410 the maps that i made in Hubble so the 1200 00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:37,390 idea is that if there's a black hole 1201 00:46:41,040 --> 00:46:38,890 signature in the really early universe 1202 00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:41,050 they would leave imprints on the cosmic 1203 00:46:43,750 --> 00:46:42,910 infrared background which is what we 1204 00:46:45,850 --> 00:46:43,760 have maps up 1205 00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:45,860 so if we cross-correlate maps between 1206 00:46:50,230 --> 00:46:48,410 the near infrared and the x-ray then if 1207 00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:50,240 there's a strong correlation that that 1208 00:46:55,120 --> 00:46:51,710 kind of hints that may be that the 1209 00:46:56,410 --> 00:46:55,130 possibilities is true oh boy this is one 1210 00:46:58,120 --> 00:46:56,420 of those moments where I just you know I 1211 00:47:00,400 --> 00:46:58,130 just hit it just hit me of course there 1212 00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:00,410 would be a background infrared map all I 1213 00:47:03,070 --> 00:47:01,910 ever think we always think about is 1214 00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:03,080 microwave background you know where I 1215 00:47:07,510 --> 00:47:05,450 was thinking about that is there is this 1216 00:47:09,430 --> 00:47:07,520 this infrared map is it is it the whole 1217 00:47:10,780 --> 00:47:09,440 sky thing or is that most of the sky or 1218 00:47:12,910 --> 00:47:10,790 no it's that it's what we've been 1219 00:47:15,790 --> 00:47:12,920 talking about it's the the whole the 1220 00:47:17,170 --> 00:47:15,800 whole maps the whole the whole cluster 1221 00:47:21,010 --> 00:47:17,180 the whole candles feel then the whole 1222 00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:21,020 clans cluster survey well I after all of 1223 00:47:24,340 --> 00:47:22,850 the work that I did to try to get 1224 00:47:27,010 --> 00:47:24,350 mosaics in all the fields I can only do 1225 00:47:30,130 --> 00:47:27,020 it in two fields okay because it's kind 1226 00:47:31,930 --> 00:47:30,140 of a data constraint but yeah basically 1227 00:47:33,250 --> 00:47:31,940 just cross correlating with the maps 1228 00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:33,260 that i already have from the work that i 1229 00:47:38,670 --> 00:47:36,110 did in this paper i can just cross 1230 00:47:41,140 --> 00:47:38,680 correlate with x-ray maps and 1231 00:47:42,790 --> 00:47:41,150 investigate that very good okay well 1232 00:47:44,920 --> 00:47:42,800 that's great all right well I don't know 1233 00:47:45,970 --> 00:47:44,930 if there's any other quick on emma is 1234 00:47:48,250 --> 00:47:45,980 there anything i'm missing on twitter 1235 00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:48,260 anything you want to point out or we 1236 00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:50,330 good to go no I think we're pretty good 1237 00:47:55,030 --> 00:47:52,610 okay all right all right folks well i 1238 00:47:57,760 --> 00:47:55,040 guess i will do it this week next week 1239 00:48:00,310 --> 00:47:57,770 we all have a hangout plan for you that 1240 00:48:02,140 --> 00:48:00,320 i'm gonna have I Carol I don't get what 1241 00:48:04,840 --> 00:48:02,150 it says a you Mick can you describe what 1242 00:48:07,870 --> 00:48:04,850 that what that was what it was what we 1243 00:48:11,080 --> 00:48:07,880 got next week America is that well I 1244 00:48:15,970 --> 00:48:11,090 also want to say NASA's is pushing a 1245 00:48:19,300 --> 00:48:15,980 little bit in October the exoplanet 1246 00:48:21,220 --> 00:48:19,310 research there's also the division of 1247 00:48:26,380 --> 00:48:21,230 planetary science to have any meeting 1248 00:48:29,350 --> 00:48:26,390 and all that so au mech was known to 1249 00:48:32,590 --> 00:48:29,360 have is an exoplanet system is known to 1250 00:48:34,840 --> 00:48:32,600 have a disc and it has been observed 1251 00:48:38,470 --> 00:48:34,850 both by Hubble and other instrumentation 1252 00:48:42,070 --> 00:48:38,480 and seems to have some funny things 1253 00:48:43,780 --> 00:48:42,080 about the disk and so this woman we're 1254 00:48:45,370 --> 00:48:43,790 going to talk with the authors about how 1255 00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:45,380 they use the Hubble data and what they 1256 00:48:49,270 --> 00:48:47,090 are learning about this disk you know 1257 00:48:50,980 --> 00:48:49,280 this one isn't it's not like oh oh it 1258 00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:50,990 has a disk you know it's it's known to 1259 00:48:55,180 --> 00:48:52,910 have a debris disk and so it's like 1260 00:48:57,540 --> 00:48:55,190 they're now kind of looking at it and 1261 00:49:01,140 --> 00:48:57,550 seeing this is another case all 1262 00:49:03,270 --> 00:49:01,150 so using multiple telescopes observing 1263 00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:03,280 something over a period of time so it 1264 00:49:09,360 --> 00:49:07,210 shows why that kind of research is 1265 00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:09,370 worthwhile so it's basically about an 1266 00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:12,010 exoplanet and that is next week folks so 1267 00:49:15,180 --> 00:49:13,600 I hope you'll join us i want to thank i 1268 00:49:16,950 --> 00:49:15,190 want to thank you guys for don't think 1269 00:49:19,440 --> 00:49:16,960 our guests catcher Mitchell when he's uh 1270 00:49:20,550 --> 00:49:19,450 from UC Irvine thank you so much for 1271 00:49:22,410 --> 00:49:20,560 taking the time out to talk to us about 1272 00:49:24,240 --> 00:49:22,420 your research it's been an awesome stuff 1273 00:49:26,400 --> 00:49:24,250 and I hope you'll come back after you do 1274 00:49:28,710 --> 00:49:26,410 the x-ray stuff and yeah and follow up 1275 00:49:30,510 --> 00:49:28,720 okay good luck today and good luck to 1276 00:49:31,980 --> 00:49:30,520 you everyone thanks for and dr. Stephen 1277 00:49:34,470 --> 00:49:31,990 Finkelstein he's also the astronomer 1278 00:49:35,790 --> 00:49:34,480 from University of Texas at Austin thank 1279 00:49:37,530 --> 00:49:35,800 you Steve for coming back it's always 1280 00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:37,540 great to have you on a hangouts and he's 1281 00:49:42,270 --> 00:49:39,310 going to be back with us at the end of 1282 00:49:43,560 --> 00:49:42,280 the month so well I was it I didn't look 1283 00:49:45,570 --> 00:49:43,570 that far ahead is that true great 1284 00:49:48,420 --> 00:49:45,580 outstanding I look forward to talking to 1285 00:49:51,090 --> 00:49:48,430 you again ste absolutely it don't look 1286 00:49:52,620 --> 00:49:51,100 good all right all right Carol Scott 1287 00:49:56,460 --> 00:49:52,630 thank you very much oh that's different 1288 00:49:57,750 --> 00:49:56,470 mom yeah thank you uh that's it for this 1289 00:50:00,150 --> 00:49:57,760 week's folks thank you all for watching 1290 00:50:02,520 --> 00:50:00,160 and as always don't forget about soho 1291 00:50:05,310 --> 00:50:02,530 i'm telling you you don't forget how 1292 00:50:10,130 --> 00:50:05,320 soho that's right twenty years no we're 1293 00:50:17,820 --> 00:50:12,990 don't you see no no no all right that's